摘 要
特种设备安全作为质监系统监管的两大安全之一而备受我们的重视。随着我国经济建设的快速发展，特种设备渗透到各行各业，安全问题日益凸现。1984年，印度的美国联合碳化物公司博帕尔农药厂由于剧毒异氰酸甲酯储罐安全阀出现漏缝，几分钟泄漏就造成数以万计的人员死伤，更加说明了承压类特种设备事故预防的重要性。如何科学有效地施行关口前移、实现安全预防管理是承压类特种设备安全生产领域新的课题。
本文基于危险源的辨识与评价，以安全系统单元为研究对象，建立承压类特种设备安全事故预防体系。运用危险源的辨识、危险分析、评价、控制的安全系统工程基本理论方法，通过对承压类特种设备危险源的辨识，建立影响承压类特种设备安全的人-物-管理要素体系，并对各要素进行分析，确定各影响要素的权重，建立评价承压类特种设备危险源的数学模型，实行对承压类特种设备分类、分级和全过程安全管理，达到安全事故的预防、系统控制、科学决策的目的。主要研究内容和成果：
（1）承压类特种设备危险源的辨识：本文针对承压类特种设备的特点，提出了危险源单元划分的方法，并全方面、全过程从物的因素、人的因素和管理因素入手，对承压类特种设备危险源进行辨识。
（2）承压类特种设备危险源的危险性评价：本文采用安全系统工程的原理，把对承压类特种设备危险源的评价作为事故预防管理的重点，突出了通过评价进行事前预防把关的作用。提出了影响承压类特种设备安全、造成事故可能性和事故后果严重程度的三级53个主要因素评价体系，形成对承压类特种设备危险源评价的数学模型和实用的量化考核方法。通过对危险源分级（分四级）管理，为承压类特种设备的分类管理、提高管理绩效，提供了较科学的方法和手段。
（3）承压类特种设备事故预防管理体系：本文从危险源的辨识和评价入手，构建了承压类特种设备事故预防管理体系。按照安全系统工程的原理，对承压类特种设备危险源进行全过程预防、控制，通过PDCA循环，不断提高事故预防管理水平，为防范、预防事故发生提供了理论依据，从而达到安全发展、和谐发展的目的。通过实例应用说明对承压类特种设备事故预防管理具有积极指导意义。
关键词：特种设备事故 预防管理
Abstract
Special Equipment Safety Supervision as quality supervision system for one of two highly secure our attention. With the rapid development of China's economic construction, special equipment, penetration into all walks of life, security issues become more apparent. In 1984, Union Carbide India, pesticide plant in Bhopal, the highly toxic methyl isocyanate storage tank leakage of the safety valve there, a few leaks and causing tens of thousands of people dead and injured, further indicates that the pressure kind of special The importance of accident prevention device. How effective implementation of science sooner, precautionary management is under pressure to achieve special equipment safety area of new issues.
Based on the identification and evaluation of hazards to the safety system unit as the research object, the papers establish on the system of prevent accident of special equipment . The papers use of hazard identification, risk analysis, evaluation, control the security system works basic theories and methods, special equipment by pressure hazard identification, the establishment of special equipment safety pressure man - machine - energy - information security System elements, system, and the various elements of the analysis to determine the weight of each of the elements, the establishment of special equipment pressure rating of the mathematical model of risk sources, the implementation of special equipment for pressure classification, grading and the entire process safety management, to security Accident prevention, system control, scientific decision-making purposes. The main contents and results:
(1) The hazard of special equipment artesian identification: according to the characteristics of artesian kind special equipment, and puts forward the classification method of hazards unit, and all aspects of the whole thing, from the human element and factors, the pressure of the management factors of the special equipment hazards are identified.
(2) Confined class special equipment of hazard risk assessment: using the safety system engineering theory, the special equipment for confined class of hazard evaluation as accident prevention key management, highlighted by evaluation on the role of prevention checks. Proposed the influence of such special equipment safety pressure, the possibility of accident and accident consequences of the severity of level 3， 53 main factors evaluation system, the formation of special equipment hazard assessment of artesian the mathematical model and the practical quantification assessment method. Through four levels of level (hazard management) to the special equipment for confined class classification management, improve the management performance, providing a scientific method and means.
(3) confined kind special equipment accident prevention management system: this article from the identification and evaluation of hazards, constructs the confined kind special equipment accident prevention management system. According to the principle of safety system engineering for confined kind special equipment, whole process hazard prevention and control, through the PDCA cycle, and constantly improve the level of management, prevent accidents to guard against, prevent accidents provides theory basis, thereby achieve security and harmonious development purposes. Through an example of application of special equipment accident prevention artesian has positive significance and scientific management.
Key words：Special equipment; Accident; Prevention management
