摘 要
随着中国百姓物质文化生活水平的提高，以人为本，关心健康、珍爱生命的理念已经深入人心，人们对安全事故的心理承受能力逐年降低，对政府部门应对突发性安全事故能力的心理预期却逐年提高。同时，改革开放30年来，伴随着经济的快速发展，也积累了许多社会矛盾，加上电视、互联网等现代传播技术的普及，一个孤立的安全事故，如果处理不当，极有可能成为导火索，酿成重大恶性事件。这就对各级政府和企业应对特种设备事故突发事件的能力提出了更高的要求。
本文通过分析研究国内外与特种设备事故应急救援相关的危机管理和应急管理理论文章，归纳整理分析各类特种设备事故案例和事故报告，收集、梳理、分析现有的各级政府总体应急预案，以及质量技术监督部门和企业特种设备事故应急预案，结合本人在特种设备事故应急救援工作中的实践经验，查找出各级政府和企业在特种设备事故应急预案建设方面存在的针对性、科学性和操作性不足的问题。在深入探讨分析特种设备事故应急预案产生上述问题的体制、机制和法制等方面的深层次原因的基础上，提出了四条改进措施。
一是加强应急管理理论知识培训。通过举办各类特种设备事故应急管理理论培训班，建立特种设备事故应急救援网上论坛或经验交流平台等途径，使负责特种设备事故应急管理的各级政府部门领导和工作人员，以及企业的管理者，掌握危机管理、风险管理和应急管理的基本理论知识。开辟网上各类特种设备事故应急救援案例点评专栏，从中积累救援知识，逐步提高特种设备事故应急预案管理者的理论水平。二是完善特种设备事故应急预案的制修订规则。进一步明确政府总体应急预案、特种设备事故专项应急预案和质量技术监督部门的应急预案，以及企事业单位的应急预案的起草、评估、审批、发布、备案和修订的职责、程序和审批权限。三是加强特种设备事故危险源分析工作，提高应急预案的针对性；增加人、财、物等应急资源保障投入，使应急预案真正发挥防范事故发生、防止事故扩大和指导、支持应急救援工作的作用。四是进一步规范特种设备事故应急预案的培训、演练。应急救援预案的培训、演练涉及各级政府及所属部门和企业，需要统一协调和投入大量的人、财、物、场地、时间等资源，如果不将此项工作以法规的形式固定下来，增强该项工作的强制性，很难开展和持久坚持下去，必须纳入法制化轨道。
关键词：特种设备事故 危险源 应急管理 应急预案
Abstract
With the improving of the Chinese people's material and cultural living standards, more people focus on people-oriented, health care, cherishing the life these ideas which have been deeply rooted among the people’s mind。Their psychological ability to security accidents is decreasing year by year, but the expectation of the government’s ability to solve the sudden security incidents is increaseing every year. Meanwhile, in the 30 years of reform and opening up, following the rapid development of economy, also accumulating a lot of social contradictions, the popularization of modern communication technologies ，such as TV ，internet and so on. An isolated security incident is extremely possible to be fuse and result in malignant fatalities if handled improperly. The higher requirements have been put forward for all levels of government and enterprise to deal with the emergency incidents of special equipment
Through the analysis of domestic and foreign theoretical articles which are concerned to the crisis management and emergency management of special equipment accidents, sum up and analyse all kinds cases and reports of it. Collect, sort, analyze the existing emergency methods of all levels of government ,and emergency plan of the quality and technical supervision departments and enterprises, Combined with my practical experience on emergency rescue work of special equipment accidents. Find out the problems which are short of pertinence 、science and operation on the construction of emergency plan system of government and enterprises special equipment incidents. Under the further analysis of special equipment Emergency Plan for the above-mentioned problems which is for system, mechanism and legal deep-seated reasons, four improveing measures were pointed.
One is to intensify theoretical knowledge training of emergency management Through holding various theory training courses, establishing internet forums or experience-sharing platform of special equipment accident process these way etc. to ensure that the government leaders and staff as well as the business manager who are responsible for special equipment accident emergency management can grasp the basic theoretical knowledge of crisis management, risk defence, emergency solving and so on. Establish all sorts of case-review columns of special equipment accidents emergency rescue on line, from which accumulating the rescue knowledge and gradually improve the manager’s theoretical standard of special equipment Emergency Plan. Secondly, improve formulation and modification of the rules of special equipment accident Emergency Plan.
Further making the drafting, assessment, examine and approve, publishing, filing on record for reference, amendment responsibilities and authority of procedures and approvals which are concerned to the government overall emergency plan, special equipment accident emergency plan, quality and technology supervision department's emergency plan, also enterprises and institutions' emergency plan clear. Thirdly, strengthen the analysis of reasons that caused special equipment accidental danger to improve the pertinence of emergency plans. Increase the investment in human, wealth, and material resources so that the emergency plans may really develop its functions to prevent happening and expansion of the accident, guiding and supporting the emergency rescue work. Fourthly, further standardize training and practice of special equipment emergency plan. The training and practice exercise of emergency-rescue plan involved all levels of government and their subordinate departments, enterprises so it need to coordinate and invest a lot of resource , such as labour, wealth, material, space, time etc.. It would be quite difficult to develop and continuously persist if this work was not fixed in the form of legal rules and enhanced its enforceability. So it must be incorporated into the legal system.
Key words：special equipment accident hazards Emergency management Emergency plan
