摘 要
当今社会已经步入网络经济时代，标准尤其是事实标准的竞争成为现代企业市场竞争的重要手段。事实标准竞争存在网络效应和锁定效应，是技术创新和市场选择的结果，其核心是基于用户的锁定。然而，随之出现的正、负效应现象，一方面能够提高社会总福利，一方面可能阻碍技术进步，甚至造成垄断，从而损害社会公共利益。在这种情况下，政府应该如何通过公共政策的制定、实施参与竞争就有待研究。
本文从事实标准的生命周期以及事实标准竞争优势的形成过程两个层面着手，对事实标准竞争的过程进行了分析，从中找出影响事实标准竞争的各方面因素后，归纳得出先发优势、创新、消费者预期、技术联盟是事实标准形成的关键因素，并对这四个关键因素在事实标准形成中所起的作用进行了详细的论述。然后通过对中国移动事实标准形成的实例分析来验证这一结论。文中分析比较了中国移动和中国联通在四个关键因素上的优劣，并进一步在二者竞争品牌“动感地带”和“Up新势力”的调查分析中予以验证。在此基础上，本文分析了政府公共政策对事实标准竞争的作用。首先是概要性的分析了政府对事实标准形成关键因素的作用，然后通过分析政府公共政策对创新的推动作用、政府购买对竞争的影响，以及政府反垄断立法对打破技术壁垒的作用等方面，来探讨政府公共政策对事实标准形成关键因素的影响。最后，在分析总结我国政府对中国移动事实标准形成的作用后，给出了我国政府参与事实标准竞争的策略建议。
关键词：事实标准竞争关键因素 公共政策
Abstract
The society nowadays has entered into the era of network economy. Competitions for standards, especially for de facto standards, are the most important means for modern enterprises to strive in the market. Bearing network effects and path dependence, competitions for de facto standards are the result of technology innovation and marketing choice, with the core based on the user lock. In this case, the way for the government to participate in the competitions by formulating and implementing public policies is a topic worth our extensive studying.
By analyzing the forming process of competition advantages of de facto standards, with focus on the life cycle of standards and the forming process, this paper makes a conclusion that the starter advantages, innovations, consumer expectations and technical alliances are key facts contributing to competition advantages of de facto standards. The conclusion is then verified by a users’ survey involving the two competitors of China Mobile and China Unicom. Meanwhile, the influence of government’s public polices to the key factors of competition advantages is explored in this paper, with analysis of motivation roles of government policies to innovation, government purchase to market competition and government's antitrust legislation to the breakthrough of technical barriers. Thereby, suggestions of policies for the government to participate in de facto standards competitions are concluded. Finally, through the example of how the China governments had successfully influenced competitions for de facto standards of China Mobile, this paper presents the suggestions that the government of our country should participate in the competitions for de facto standards.
Key words：de facto standards Competitions Key Facts Public Policies
