摘 要
所谓特种设备安全多元监管，是指在特种设备安全监管体制中，除了政府监管主体（监察机构和政府检验机构外），还有其他社会性监管主体，如社会检验机构、消费者（协会）、特种设备行业协会、保险公司和媒体等，共同构成多元监管主体，形成多元监管体制，在法律法规约束下，建立相关制度和机制，发挥各自作用，共同承担特种设备安全监管职能。
目前，我国已经初步形成了由上述主体构成的特种设备安全多元监管体制，但是社会监管主体参与意识不强，缺乏制度安排，参与力度不足，以监管部门为主体的安全监察和政府强制检验行为包揽了大部分监管职能，政府监管的大包大揽是当前特种设备安全多元监管体制的突出特点。
我国特种设备安全多元监管体制脱胎于计划经济时代大包大揽的政府监管，承担着巨大责任，虽然初步形成了一系列机制、制度，体现出了一定成效，但是其运行现状已经不适应当前我国经济发展和社会进步的要求，难以满足当前特种设备安全监管的需要，具体体现为以下几个方面：
（1）特种设备安全监管法制建设落后；
（2）政府监管资源难以满足安全需求；
（3）社会监管主体难以发挥作用；
（4）缺乏有效的事故损害赔付机制。
根据公共管理的理念，我国特种设备安全多元监管体制优化和完善的目标应为“建设由政府主导，多主体参与的多元监管体制”。这一目标也可叙述为“以法律为基础，政府统一领导，监管部门监察，检验机构把关，企业安全生产，协会行业自律，使用单位管理，公众安全使用，媒体和公众监督，保险分散风险的多元监管体制”。这一目标也与近年来国家质检总局多位领导在改变特种设备安全监管思路中提出的“多元共治格局”如出一辙。
对应现有体制运行中出现的问题，应采取下列具体措施加以完善和优化：
（1）强化法律约束，落实安全责任；
（2）引导行业自律，发挥协会作用；
（3）奖励个人举报，调动全民参与；
（4）打破检验垄断，满足安全需求；
（5）实施信息公开，接受社会监督；
（6）加强宣传教育，强化责任意识；
（7）推行强制保险，发挥保险职能；
（8）采用信息技术，提高监管效率。
关键词：特种设备；多元监管；体制；研究
Abstract
The so-called special equipment safety multiple regulation refers to the system of special equipment safety regulation by government regulatory body (to monitor outside agencies and the government inspection agency), there are other social regulatory body, such as social testing agencies, special equipment, personnel examining bodies, consumer (the Association), industry associations, insurance companies and the media, together constitute the multiple regulatory body, the formation of multiple regulatory regimes, constraints in the existing regulations, the establishment of relevant systems and mechanisms to play their respective roles, shared special equipment safety regulation functions.
At present, China has initially formed the main body constituted by the diverse special equipment safety regulation system, but social control is not strong sense of participation, lack of institutional arrangements, participation is insufficient to monitor the security sector as the main government mandatory inspection monitoring and taking actions most of the regulatory functions of government regulation of special equipment to blanket the current outstanding safety features of multiple regulatory regime.
Multiple of special equipment safety regulation system grew out of the planned economy, taking on everything the government regulation, bear a great responsibility, although the initial formation of a series of mechanisms, systems, reflecting some success, but its status has not suited to run our country Economic development and social progress, it is difficult to meet the current needs of special equipment safety regulation, specifically reflected in the following areas:
(1) special equipment safety regulation and legal system behind;
(2) The Government can not meet the security requirements of regulatory resources;
(3) difficult to play the main role of social control;
(4) lack of effective mechanisms for the accident damage reparation.
According to the concept of public administration, our special equipment safety regulation system optimization and improvement of multiple target should be "built by the government-led, multi-agent in multi-regulatory system. "This goal can be described as "the unified leadership of the government, regulators monitor the inspection agency checks, safe production, the association industry self-regulation, and user management, public safety use, media and public regulation, insurance companies diversified insurance regulatory system. " This goal also led in recent years, more than AQSIQ special equipment safety regulation in the idea of changing the proposed "multiple cohabitation pattern " exactly the same.
Corresponds to the operation of the existing system problems, should take the following specific measures to improve and optimize:
(1) strengthen the legal constraints, the implementation of security responsibilities;
(2) guided self-discipline to play the role of associations;
(3) reward individual reports, to mobilize people to participate;
(4) to break the monopoly of inspecting to meet the security needs;
(5) the implementation of information disclosure, accept social regulation;
(6) to strengthen publicity and education, strengthen the sense of responsibility;
(7) implementation of compulsory insurance, to play the insurance functions;
(8) use of information technology to improve the efficiency of regulation.
Key words：special equipment; multiple regulation；system; research
