摘 要
特种设备是工业生产和日常生活中广泛使用的危险性较大的设备，各国政府都利用法律、行政、经济等手段对特种设备的安全使用进行监管和检验。目前我国主要由履行特种设备安全监察职能的质监部门设立的专门从事特种设备检验检测活动的机构来实施特种设备检验检测工作，并作为特种设备安全监察工作的重要技术支撑，在发现事故隐患和减少事故发生，降低特种设备的事故发生起数和伤亡人数上作出了重要贡献。然而我国特种设备事故率总体上是工业发达国家如美国的4倍以上，部分类别设备的事故率甚至超过6倍，人员死亡率更高，差距十分明显。随着特种设备安全主体责任落实的需要以及社会对检验的利益化倾向反响强烈，需要对我国特种设备检验体制加以改革，本文采用文献研究法、调查法和比较分析法分析了现行体制下我国特种设备检验体制的现状，对比工业发达国家特种设备检验体制的特点，提出了我国特种设备检验体制改革的必要性、原则目标以及改革的构想，以期进一步降低我国特种设备事故起数和伤亡人数，使事故率和人员伤亡率接近工业发达国家水平，保障特种设备安全使用，保护人们生命和财产安全，满足人民群众不断增长的特种设备安全需求。
本文从我国特种设备检验的发展历程入手，对特种设备检验的属性进行了简要分析，介绍了特种设备检验的基本要求和分类，总结了现行体制下特种设备检验面临的人员与设备增长不匹配、检验缺乏竟争、管理模式与发展要求不适应以及检验背离公益性等困难与问题及其成因。工业发达国家的特种设备检验体制比较成熟，分析了工业发达国家特种设备检验体制的特点，指出我国特种设备检验体制改革是落实使用单位主体责任的需要，是检验机构发展壮大的需要，是强化使用环节安全的需要，要通过检验体制改革提高特种设备检验技术能力，为特种设备的安全监察服好务，为特种设备的安全使用把好关，降低设备事故率，满足社会和广大人民群众的安全要求。文章最后提出了我国特种设备检验体制改革的框架和构想：质监部门设立的综合检验检测机构分拆成政府检验机构和定期检验机构，政府检验机构从事监督检验工作，同时赋予其使用环节监管、社会安全教育培训、信息化建设与特种设备动态监管网管理、检验检测技术研究等职能；定期检验机构与质监部门脱钩，试点省内定期检验机构整合重组，市场放开；推广到各省之间定期检验市场逐步放开，打破地域垄断和部门垄断，鼓励检验机构间跨地区跨行业兼并收购，做大做强，同时扩大检验市场准入，形成既有实力强大的少数检验集团为主导，又有提供特色检验的中、小公司为补充的定期检验市场。
关键词：特种设备 检验 体制改革
Abstract
Special equipment is dangerous equipment which is widely used in daily life and industrial production,Governments have made use of legal, administrative and economic means of the use of special equipment safety supervision and inspection. At present, China mainly by the performance of special equipment safety supervision departments to monitor the functions of special equipment set up specialized agencies to inspection activities, inspection and testing the implementation of special equipment to work. Inspection of special equipment reduce potential causes of accidents in that accident, special equipment reduced the number of accidents and casualties and made important contributions. However, the overall accident rate of special equipment is the United States more than 4 times, some categories of equipment, even more than 6 times the accident rate, the gap is very obvious. With the main responsibility and implement the necessary security to special equipment, security and social benefits of testing a strong response tendency, the need of special equipment inspection system in China. In this paper, I use literature research, investigation and comparative study based on the current system of China Special Equipment Inspection. learn the characteristics of special equipment inspection system from industrial countries, put forward the need for special equipment inspection system, the principles of the reform objectives and reform ideas in China, in order to reduce the accidents and casualties, and Satisfy the people's growing security needs of special equipment.
This paper describes the history of evolution of special equipment inspection, gives a brief analysis of the properties, and introduces the basic requirements and classification of our special equipments, which also Summed up the current system faces special equipment inspection does not match the growth in personnel and equipment, inspection and the lack of competition, management and development requirements as well suited to test departure from the notary and public welfare problems and difficulties, and the difficulties and problems faced by Analysis of the causes. Industrial inspection system developed special equipment is more mature, and the paper had pointed out that Special Equipment Inspection System is needed by various companies , which is also needed to the equipment inspection system grow up, and satisfied the safety requirements and expectations of people. At last, the paper proposed periodic inspection of special equipment and supervision of the concept of separate tests. Quality supervision departments to establish a comprehensive inspection and testing agencies split into government agencies and regular inspection and testing institutions, government agencies engaged in the supervision, inspection and testing work, while giving the use of part of supervision, social safety education and training, information technology and special equipment to maintain the dynamic regulatory network , inspection technology and other functions. While expanding market access for inspection, the formation of both a strong group led by a few big tests, but also to provide features in the test, the test to supplement the small companies market.
Key words：Special equipment; Inspection; Reform
